MODY4


Štěpánka Průhová

MODY 4 je vyvolán mutací v genu pro inzulinový promotorový faktor- 1/pankreas duodenum homeobox-1 (IPF-1/PDX-1). IPF-1/PDX-1 patří do skupiny transkripčních faktorů. Ovlivňuje časný vývoj pankreatu a expresi některých genů v b-buňkách včetně genu pro inzulin, GLUT 2, glukokinázu a amylin.(10)

Klinický obraz

Průměrný věk při diagnóze je 35–40 let. Pacienti mají projevy diabetes mellitus 2. typu bez známek periferní inzulinové rezistence. Léčebně  se dle závažnosti onemocnění doporučuje dieta, PAD nebo inzulin.(8)

Komplikace

Postižení mají zvýšené riziko mikrovaskulárních komplikací, zvláště nefropatie.

Patofyziologie

Mutace vede ke vzniku inaktivního proteinu s poruchou vazby na DNA. Tento transkripční faktor je zásadní pro formování pankreatu a vznik a fungování b-buněk.(41) U osob s mutací v homozygotním stavu selhává již v embryonálním období formování pankreatu a dojde k jeho agenezi. Pankreas se za fyziologických okolností diferencuje z primitivního střeva a postupně se utvářejí jeho endokrinní a exokrinní buňky. Tento vývoj závisí na kaskádě dějů, která je kontrolována řadou transkripčních faktorů. Mezi nimi jsou nejvýznamnější právě IFP-1/PDX-1, ale také NeuroD1, HNF-3b, PAX4, PAX6 a Isl1, které expresi IPF-1/PDX-1 řídí. Heterozygotní mutace IPF-1/PDX-1 vede ke klinickému obrazu MODY 4.

Primárním defektem je porušení inzulinové sekrece glukózou stimulované.(5) IPF-1/PDX-1 ovlivňuje expresi řady genů v b-buňce. Při jeho defektu byla prokázána snížená exprese genů pro inzulin, GLUT 2, prohormon konvertázu, podjednotku ATP-senzitivního kanálu K+ (KATP) a dalších.(41) Ačkoli zatím zůstává molekulární podstata globální inhibice inzulinové sekrece neznámá, je zřejmé, že snížení tvorby inzulinu (dané snížením exprese genu pro inzulin) a snížení aktivity kanálu KATP jsou významnými složkami tohoto procesu.

Genetika

Gen pro IPF-1/PDX-1 se nachází  na dlouhém raménku 13. chromosomu a byl objeven v roce 1997.(13) Poprvé jej popsal Stoffers u dítěte s agenezí pankreatu.(34) Toto dítě mělo homozygotní mutaci. V rodině postiženého dítěte bylo nalezeno několik příbuzných s heterozygotní variantou mutace a projevy diabetu v mladém věku. 6.4. Prevalence Výskyt pacientů s mutací IPF-1/PDX-1 je velmi vzácný. V České republice jsme zatím takového pacienta nenašli (vlastní pozorování).

Použitá literatura:

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